Don't abort resolution on transitive updates

Don't abort resolution on transitive updates

This commit is directed at fixing #4127, allowing the resolver to automatically
perform transitive updates when required. A few use casese and tagged links are
hanging off #4127 itself, but the crux of the issue happens when you either add
a dependency or update a version requirement in `Cargo.toml` which conflicts
with something listed in your `Cargo.lock`. In this case Cargo would previously
provide an obscure "cannot resolve" error whereas this commit updates Cargo to
automatically perform a conservative re-resolution of the dependency graph.

It's hoped that this commit will help reduce the number of "unresolvable"
dependency graphs we've seen in the wild and otherwise make Cargo a little more
ergonomic to use as well. More details can be found in the source's comments!

Closes #4127
Closes #5182